Rapid Eye Movement—not only the name of a successful American rock band, but also and not least a characteristic eye movement in paradoxical sleep, the stage with high dream activity. This sleep phase has a peculiarity: Although the muscle tone of the sleeping person is completely relaxed, the eyes suddenly move back and forth. The name “paradoxical sleep” is well deserved. Characteristic of these are signs of deep sleep (muscle atony) in connection with brain activity, which is very similar to those in the waking state and its eye movements. This sleep phase was discovered in the 1950s by French and American researchers and consequently called rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep), i.e. sleep with rapid eye movements. Why can this strange phenomenon be useful? For 70 years, scientists have been dreaming of getting to the bottom of the mystery. Thanks to the productive cooperation between the universities of Bern and Fribourg, this dream could now come true.
Butterfly wings arranged neurons
For several years, the team led by Franck Girard and Marco Celio at the University of Fribourg has studied neurons under the microscope, that occur in the brain stem and form a structure that is reminiscent of butterfly wings, which is why the structure is called Nucleus papilio. “These neurons are associated with multiple nerve centers, especially those responsible for eye movement, and those involved in sleep control,” explains Franck Girard. “Therefore, we asked ourselves the following question: may the nucleus papilio neurons play a role in the control of eye movements during sleep?”
Stronger together
To test this hypothesis, the Fribourg researchers turned to the research group headed by Dr. C. Gutiérrez Herrera and Prof. A. Adamantidis at the Department of Neurology at the Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, and Department for BioMedical Research of the University of Bern, who are investigating sleep in mice. “To our surprise, we found that these neurons are particularly active in the phase of paradoxical sleep,” reports Dr. Carolina Gutierrez. The researchers from Bern gathered the loop around the nucleus papilio neurons even more closely and were able to demonstrate with the help of optogenetic methods (combined optical and genetic techniques) that their artificial activation causes rapid eye movement, especially during this sleep phase. Conversely, the inhibition or elimination of these same neurons blocks the movement of the eyes.
After the “how” the “why”
Now that it is clear that the nucleus papilio neurons play an important role in eye movement during REM sleep, it is important to find out what function this phenomenon has. Is it due to the visual experience of dreams? Does it matter in preserving memories? “Now that we are able to specifically activate the nucleus papilio ‘on demand’ in mice by optogenetic methods, we may be able to find answers to these questions,” says Antoine Adamantidis. The next step, however, will be to confirm the activation of nucleus papilio neurons during REM sleep in humans. The researchers have not yet found the key to their dreams, but they’ve come a long way.
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