A computational analysis of language used by the writer Edgar Allan Poe has revealed that his mysterious death was unlikely to have been suicide.
The author, poet, editor, and literary critic died in 1849 after spending several days in hospital while in a state of delirium. To date, Poe’s death remains an unsolved enigma, with his contemporary, poet Charles Baudelaire even speculating that the incident was “almost a suicide, a suicide prepared for a long time.”
But psychologist Dr. Ryan Boyd from Lancaster University and his colleague—Hannah Dean from the University of Texas at Austin—have found that Poe’s psychological markers of depression are not consistent with suicide.
This research has now been published in the Journal of Affective Disorders.
Dr. Boyd said: “My hunch is that he was indeed spiralling into a depression toward the end of his life, but that he didn’t kill himself.”
Using computerized language analysis, they analysed 309 of Poe’s personal letters, 49 poems, and 63 short stories and investigated whether a pattern of linguistic cues consistent with depression and suicidal cognition were discernible throughout the writer’s life, particularly in his final years.
They focused on five measures which have been established as diagnostic of depression and/or suicidality;
- Increased use of first-person singular pronouns (e.g., words like I, me, and my)
- Increased use of negative emotion words (bad, sad, angry)
- More cognitive processing words (think, understand, know)
- Fewer positive emotion words (happy, good, terrific)
- Fewer first-person plural pronouns (we, us, our).
These linguistic markers of depression spiked during negative events in Poe’s life, like the death of his wife. Past research has shown that depressive language patterns tend to dramatically rise leading up to one’s death by suicide, however, this pattern did not consistently emerge in the last year of Poe’s life.
Poe was known to have suffered from regular bouts of severe depression and also had drug and alcohol problems. He lost his parents as a two year old and was devastated first by the death of his foster mother and then by that of his own wife Virginia Clemm Poe in 1847.
The researchers concluded: “Significant, consistent patterns of depression were not found and do not support suicide as a cause of death. However, linguistic evidence was found suggesting the presence of several potential depressive episodes over the course of Poe’s life—these episodes were the most pronounced during years of Poe’s greatest success, as well as those following the death of his late wife.”
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