Scientists have successfully treated flies displaying behavioral problems linked to newly discovered schizophrenia-associated genes in humans, using common anti-psychotics.
Schizophrenia is a severe long-term mental health condition that is historically poorly understood and treated. It is relatively common, affecting one to two percent of the population, and is known to be up to 80 percent genetic in origin.
Recent advances in sequencing genomes of people with schizophrenia have identified a list of novel genes and mutations associated with the disease. Many are expressed in the brain and are involved in how neurons communicate with each other by electrical and chemical signals released at synapses.
The research was performed by the first student, Dr. Sergio Hidalgo, on the dual Ph.D. program from the Universities of Bristol (UK) and the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. He studied the role of two schizophrenia associated genes on behaviors associated with the disease, using the genetics of the fruit fly, Drosophila.
“We studied two of these schizophrenia-associated genes—one called Rim, which is involved in neurotransmitter release at synapses, and another called CACNA1A and CACNA1B in humans and cacophony in flies, voltage-sensitive calcium channels involved in electrical and chemical signaling in and between neurons. We found that fly Rim mutants showed several behavioral changes seen in people with schizophrenia who may have Rim mutations. These included preferring larger social distances between individuals when in a group and changes in smell or olfaction. We also found the circadian (24-hour body clock) deficits reported in schizophrenia were also present in Rim mutant flies,” said Dr. James Hodge, who supervised the research at School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience at the University of Bristol.
Strikingly, treatment with the commonly used antipsychotic, haloperidol, rescued some of the Rim mutant’s behavioral problems.
The second study looked at voltage-gated calcium channels, several of which are major contributors to the risk of developing schizophrenia. The team focussed on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia which include behavioral defects such as impaired memory, sleep and circadian rhythms.
“These symptoms are particularly poorly understood and treated. We found fly cacophony (cac) mutants showed several behavioral features including decreased night-time sleep and hyperactivity similar to those reported in human patients. We also found that loss of cac function in the clock of the fly’s brain decreased their circadian rhythms, while loss of cac function in their memory center reduced the fly’s memory via a reduction in calcium signaling,” said Dr. Sergio Hidalgo.
Two new research papers have come out of the study, published in Translational Psychiatry and Neurobiology of Disease. The research represents important advances in understanding schizophrenia by demonstrating how loss of rim or cac Cav2 channel function causes a number of disease relevant cognitive and behavioral deficits and underlying reduction in synaptic growth and neuronal calcium transients.
“It is apparent from this study that these behaviors are caused by changes in calcium signaling, shape of synapses and their release of neurotransmitter. Along with the ability to return these behaviors to normal with a commonly used schizophrenia drug, these studies establish Drosophila as a high-throughput in vivo genetic model to study the Cav channel and neurotransmitter release pathophysiology related to schizophrenia.
“The next step is to understand how rim and different calcium channels act together at synapses to regulate behaviors affected by schizophrenia. By testing drugs or treatments directed at these targets we will develop a deeper understanding of therapies for schizophrenia, and how they work.”
“It is important we secure funding for this novel research which has potential to inform truly significant advances in the way we treat this common and debilitating condition,” added Dr. James Hodge.
“Understanding the complexity of schizophrenia etiology could help us to develop new and more effective treatments. By showing that some molecular mechanisms are conserved between species, we can propose the use of flies as a new platform for drug testing,” added Dr. Sergio Hidalgo.
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