Stability and pathogenicity of MERS coronavirus varies across different viral strains

An international team of researchers has conducted a study suggesting that individual variation across different strains of betacoronaviruses can alter their stability and pathogenicity profiles.

The team says the findings highlight the importance of continuing global surveillance of betacoronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

The MERS-COV virus, which infects humans and dromedary camels, is the agent responsible for numerous outbreaks of severe respiratory illness across the Middle East since 2012.

The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that continues to ravage the globe threatening public health and the worldwide economy.

Now, Vincent Munster from the National Institutes of Health in Montana and colleagues have assessed the phenotypes of several MERS-CoV strains in an effort to inform public health policies related to respiratory-borne human coronaviruses.

The team demonstrated that while different MERS-CoV isolates showed similar stability and pathogenicity, one strain (C/KSA/13) exhibited reduced surface stability, while another strain (C/BF/15) exhibited reduced pathogenicity in mice.

The researchers say that although different MERS-CoV isolates may exhibit similar stability and pathogenicity, mutations can arise that alter these phenotypes, thereby highlighting the importance of continuing the surveillance of this virus and other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2.

A pre-print version of the research paper is available on the bioRxiv* server, while the article undergoes peer review.

MERS-CoV particles on camel epithelial cells. Credit: NIAID in collaboration with Colorado State University

Independent variation across MERS-CoV isolates has not been well studied

While some mutations in camel-derived strains of MERS-CoV have been identified, natural variation across different isolates has generally remained unstudied.

However, a small number of studies have demonstrated that genetic variation in MERS-CoV can drastically affect viral phenotypes, including replication kinetics and pathogenicity.

One study aiming to functionally characterize this genetic variation showed significant differences in the virus's ability to antagonize host innate immune pathways.

"Given that MERS-CoV continues to cause outbreaks and evolve, these findings underscore the importance of characterizing how MERS-CoV genetic variation alters viral replication, pathogenicity and stability," writes the team.

What did the researchers do?

The researchers examined the environmental stability, replication kinetics and pathogenicity of MERS-CoV-2 across a broad panel of isolates collected from humans and camels, representing all major geographic regions of outbreaks.

Since the nosocomial spread is at the center of MERS-CoV outbreaks, the researchers first assessed the virus's stability on fomites commonly found in hospitals (polypropylene plastic and stainless steel) and on materials with potential virucidal properties (silver and copper).

The team tested eight different MERS-CoV strains (five from humans, three from camels) isolated between 2012 and 2018.

Phylogenetic tree of MERS-CoV strains. Maximum likelihood tree of 446 full MERSCoV genomes showing distribution of isolates used in this study. Human-derived MERS-CoV isolates used in this study are highlighted in red, camel-derived MERS-CoV isolates are highlighted in blue. Phylogenetic tree reconstructed with PhyML and rooted at the midpoint.

What did they find?

Of all eight MERS-CoV isolates tested, reference strain EMC/12 and isolates U/14; KSA/15; SK/15; KSA/18; C/E/13 and C/BF/15 all exhibited similar stability on polypropylene and stainless-steel surfaces.

Only the camel-derived isolate C/KSA/13 exhibited reduced surface stability. Infectious viral titers of C/KSA/13 were significantly lower than those of the reference strain EMC/12 and became undetectable on both polypropylene and stainless-steel surfaces after 24 hours.  

By contrast, all viral strains exhibited significantly reduced stability on copper and silver surfaces after 24 hours, although the copper surface was the most effective at reducing viral titers.

"While copper and silver are generally appreciated for their antibacterial properties, copper has recently been shown also to have antiviral properties against influenza A H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2," says Munster and colleagues.  

"Taking advantage of the antiviral properties of copper and silver could be a relatively straightforward method to decrease nosocomial transmission," advises the team.  

In vitro replication of the various MERS-CoV isolates

Next, the researchers tested viral replication using two in vitro cell systems: VeroE6 cells and primary HAE cells.

In VeroE6 cells, viral titers of C/KSA/13 and KSA/15 were significantly higher than EMC/12 titers 48 hours following infection.

in HAE cells, titers of C/KSA/13 and C/BF/15 were significantly lower than EMC/12 titers 72 hours following infection.  

No other significant differences were observed across the different isolates in either VeroE6 cells or HAE cultures.

Testing the isolates in mice

When the researchers inoculated groups of mice (10 mice per group) with the different MERS-CoV strains, all animals started to lose weight between 2 and 5 days following inoculation.

However, body weight then continued to decrease across all groups of mice, except for the group inoculated with C/BF/15, where only one mouse continued to lose weight.

Similarly, the team observed a ruffled coat, increased breathing rate, reluctance to move, and hunched posture across all groups of mice, except for mice inoculated with C/BF/15 that did not lose weight.

What are the study implications?

"These results suggest that while betacoronaviruses may have similar environmental stability profiles, individual variation can influence this phenotype," says Munster and colleagues.

"Overall, we observed a range of stability, replication and pathogenesis phenotypes between different MERS-CoV isolates, underscoring the importance of continued surveillance of this virus and other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2," concludes the team.

*Important Notice

bioRxiv publishes preliminary scientific reports that are not peer-reviewed and, therefore, should not be regarded as conclusive, guide clinical practice/health-related behavior, or treated as established information.

Written by

Sally Robertson

Sally has a Bachelor's Degree in Biomedical Sciences (B.Sc.). She is a specialist in reviewing and summarising the latest findings across all areas of medicine covered in major, high-impact, world-leading international medical journals, international press conferences and bulletins from governmental agencies and regulatory bodies. At News-Medical, Sally generates daily news features, life science articles and interview coverage.