Researchers use X-ray spectroscopy to explain why FLASH cancer therapy is so effective

$Overhead view of the XFMS experimental setup: A syringe pump pushes samples (proteins or peptides) through a capillary (blue tubing in the figure) and out a jet nozzle. The sample stream from the jet is collected into tubes in a fraction collector, but in the process of falling into the tube, the sample passes through an X-ray beam. The speed of the sample determines how much time it spends in the beam—a longer time in the beam means a higher dose to the sample. The speed can be precisely controlled. A lens and camera visualize the sample during the experiment to ensure proper alignment, and a photomultiplier tube is used to amplify fluorescence from samples to gain additional structural information about the state of the sample. Credit: Ralston et al, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory$
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